Flexibility as a Universal Nature-Inspired Mechanism for Thrust Enhancement

Abstract

Nature has equipped jet-propelled swimmers with flexible nozzles that outperform rigid ones, yet the origin of this advantage has remained unexplained. By tracking where and when energy is exchanged between fluid and structure, three-dimensional numerical simulations resolve the underlying mechanism: a standing-wave response of the nozzle, in which the structure dilates and then recoils synchronously, charging and releasing energy to enhance thrust. Outside of this regime, the structure exhibits a traveling wave response, with expansion and contraction coexisting along the nozzle, reducing the thrust gain. We propose a physics-based model that captures the boundary between standing and traveling responses in a closed form, showing that the optimum occurs when the natural period of the structure matches the pulse duration. Beyond this optimum the strain imposed by the nozzle curvature required for steering selects the geometry observed across marine species. The propulsion and maneuverability are reconciled within a single framework that yields design principles for soft robotic propulsors.