Beyond Post-Quantization: Native Hash Learning with a Dedicated HASH Token

Abstract

Efficient large-scale image retrieval requires compact representations that preserve semantic similarity under fast Hamming-space search. Deep hashing is appealing, but most existing CNN- and ViT-based methods still follow a post-quantization paradigm, where continuous visual features are first learned and binary codes are then produced by a terminal hash projection or binarization operation. This late code generation creates a feature-to-code discrepancy between the continuously optimized representation space and the discrete Hamming space used for retrieval. To address this limitation, we propose HashViT, a Vision Transformer framework for native hash token learning. Instead of treating hashing as a terminal readout, HashViT introduces a dedicated HASH token that serves as a persistent, hash-oriented retrieval state inside the transformer. The HASH token is structurally decomposed into a Hash Register for direct binary code generation and a Semantic Workspace for preserving auxiliary continuous semantics. To enable effective workspace-to-register interaction, we further design a lightweight Hash Refinement Adapter that progressively refines the Hash Register across transformer layers. As a result, binary-oriented representations are formed through token evolution within the backbone, rather than being abruptly induced by an output-level projection. HashViT is optimized with a unified objective that combines learnable semantic center supervision, class-token similarity distillation, and quantization regularization, encouraging the HASH token to encode semantically structured and compact binary representations. Extensive experiments on three widely used benchmarks demonstrate that HashViT achieves state-of-the-art or highly competitive retrieval performance while preserving the efficiency of compact Hamming codes. Code is available at https://github.com/Xinze919/HashViT.