Flavor Hierarchies the Right Way

Abstract

We propose a framework for fermion mass generation based on a universal seesaw. The Standard Model is extended by an Abelian gauge symmetry acting on right-handed fermions, together with vector-like fermions and scalar fields. The ordinary Yukawa couplings are forbidden, except for the top-quark coupling to the Higgs, which is allowed at the renormalizable level and remains unsuppressed. The charged-fermion hierarchies then arise from mixing with the vector-like sector, and light neutrino masses emerge from a neutral sector Majorana seesaw. CP is exact in the ultraviolet and broken spontaneously by scalar vacuum expectation values. The resulting CP-violating phase is transmitted to the quark sector and generates the CKM phase, while a Nelson-Barr structure, realized through the universal seesaw block form, keeps the physical QCD vacuum angle zero at tree level. Consistency with EDM bounds beyond tree level requires moderately suppressed Yukawa couplings between SM doublets to the vector-like sector. If the leading higher-dimensional operators are unsuppressed, the same requirement can favor a low breaking scale for the new Abelian symmetry. In this regime the vector-like fermions can lie at the TeV scale, with suppressed mixing with the electroweak sector. This framework provides a simple setting in which the hierarchies of charged-fermion masses, neutrino masses, and CP-violating parameters can be accounted for within a common extension of the Standard Model.