Star-Disk Collisions II: Debris Stream Dynamics and Implications for QPEs and Other Transients Near SMBHs

Abstract

Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are repeating soft X-ray nuclear transients with recurrence times of hours-days and flare duty cycles of $\sim$10-20%. Many aspects of QPEs can be modeled as a stellar-mass orbiter that intersects an accretion disk producing a shocked debris cloud and a flare of radiation. We present three-dimensional Athena++ hydrodynamic simulations of star-disk interactions around a $10^{6}\,M_\odot$ supermassive black hole, including the black hole's tidal potential, the disk's Keplerian rotation, and orbital periods similar to those observed. After each disk encounter, freshly stripped stellar debris exits the Hill sphere to form an extended, asymmetric, roughly triaxial stream. Subsequent stream-disk collisions shock both stellar debris and disk gas to high specific energies and drive a wind-like outflow. At larger orbital periods the shocked stellar debris dominates the high specific energy debris, while at shorter orbital periods the shocked disk energy can be similar. From the shocked stellar mass measured in the simulations over time, we infer flare durations set by the time it takes the stellar debris stream to collide with the disk, consistent with the observed constant duty cycle of $\sim$10-20%, independent of orbital period. The total shocked debris energy is consistent with QPE flare energetics. Our results favor one observable flare per stellar orbit except perhaps at the shortest orbital periods where the shocked star and disk energetics can be similar. Variations in the stream's center of mass relative to the star, the stream density, and other properties can produce diverse changes in the time of the flare's peak relative to the time of the star-disk collision. We discuss the implications of our results for QPE timing and for other transients in galactic nuclei.