Closed-Loop Control with Rule-Aligned Small Language Models and Multi-Agent Self-Correction

Abstract

A key step toward autonomous industrial operation is the ability to create and reconfigure control policies from natural-language requirement specifications, with minimal or no manual redesign. In this setting, policy generation by AI agents can be a credible path when paired with a plant-aware validator (e.g., a digital twin) that can check generated candidate actions before execution. However, practical deployment is constrained by inference latency and compute footprint: large cloud-based models are often too slow, opaque, or data-sensitive for edge closed-loop use. This work investigates whether a compact Small Language Model (SLM) can be retrained for control reasoning and embedded in a validator-guided correction loop. We use a Qwen2.5-1.5B model aligned via Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), combined with (i) an action agent, (ii) a symbolic/digital-twin-style validation layer, and (iii) a reprompting agent that iteratively steers outputs toward valid actions. In randomized thermal-control simulations (30 experiments with 500 steps each), the framework achieves 91.5% average action-alignment accuracy (86.3%--100% across cases) at 3.84\,s mean inference latency. Under symbolic re-mapping, it maintains a 95% in-range rate, indicating robust physical regulation despite reduced token-level agreement. These results support SLM+validator architectures as a practical path toward reconfigurable autonomous control at the edge.