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arXiv · 2607.10181

Anyons and Inherently Complex F-symbols

Matthew Buican·Peter Huston·Jiannis K. Pachos
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Abstract

Anyons in $2+1$ dimensions are not only characterized by exotic braiding statistics but also by intricate fusion properties. Two anyons may fuse into multiple topological charge sectors, and associativity of fusing three anyons to produce a fixed charge sector is governed by $F$-symbols. While braiding invariants, such as the modular data, are typically complex valued, a complete description of general anyon models requires understanding the arithmetic properties of its fusion associativity data as well. The $F$-symbols for many of the most common $2+1$d topological orders, including all Abelian anyon models as well as Fibonacci and Ising anyons, can be made real valued. We show this phenomenon is not universal by exhibiting braided fusion categories whose $F$-symbols cannot be made real. We call such $F$-symbols "inherently complex." The examples we study lack a charge-conjugation symmetry and our results are therefore consistent with the converse of a statement proved in a companion work linking real $F$-symbols in braided fusion categories with the existence of a suitable charge-conjugation symmetry. We analyse the smallest-rank braided fusion categories we know of with inherently complex $F$-symbols: ${\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_7\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_3)$ and ${\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_5\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_4)$. Consequently, the corresponding $\mathcal Z({\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_7\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_3))$ and $\mathcal Z({\rm Rep}(\mathbb{Z}_5\rtimes\mathbb{Z}_4))$ anyon models also have inherently complex $F$-symbols. Our presentation connects these examples with recent results on classifying anyons beyond modular data.

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Matthew Buican, Peter Huston, Jiannis K. Pachos. 2026-07-11. Anyons and Inherently Complex F-symbols. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.10181

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