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arXiv · 2607.10843

Comparing twist-free axisymmetric gravitational waves near the black hole threshold

Ananya Adhikari·Tomáš Ledvinka·Daniela Cors·Thomas W. Baumgarte·Anton Khirnov·Bernd Brügmann·David Hilditch
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Abstract

The threshold of black hole formation in axisymmetric vacuum gravity is proving to be more complicated than had been anticipated but, following recent advances, a consensus between independent codes and methods is emerging. Building on earlier work we provide further details of a comparison between three independent numerical codes (the bamps, prague, and sphGR codes), paying special attention to the relative strengths and weaknesses of each and examining various features of near-threshold collapse of vacuum gravitational waves for the first time. In particular, we observe quasi-universal strong-field features appearing in curvature scalars. Focusing on geometric features on the symmetry axis, we construct reference coordinates to aid the comparison of strong-field data. We evolve, for the first time, time-asymmetric wave initial data within the bamps code. To the extent possible with current methods we compare apparent horizons and attempt to determine what causes difficulties in the classification of these strong-field and highly dynamical spacetimes. In all cases the results from the three codes agree very well.

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Ananya Adhikari, Tomáš Ledvinka, Daniela Cors, Thomas W. Baumgarte, Anton Khirnov, Bernd Brügmann, David Hilditch. 2026-07-12. Comparing twist-free axisymmetric gravitational waves near the black hole threshold. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.10843

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