Bridging the mass gap: Diffuse radio emission in GAMA galaxy groups using EMU and DINGO survey data

Abstract

Diffuse radio emission provides a powerful probe of non-thermal processes in the large-scale structure, yet its properties in galaxy groups remain poorly constrained. Using deep 943 MHz radio continuum data from the Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) and 1.37 GHz data from the Deep Investigations of Neutral Gas Origins (DINGO) survey, we investigate diffuse radio emission in 400 galaxy groups selected from the GAMA survey at $z < 0.1$. We employ a multi-resolution filtering technique to suppress compact radio sources and enhance extended, low-surface-brightness emission associated with the intra group medium. Integrated flux densities are measured within group radii, and background fluctuations are quantified using random control regions. While most systems yield non-detections, we identify 46/400 galaxy groups with candidate diffuse emission, spanning radio powers of $10^{19}-10^{24}\,\mathrm{W\,Hz^{-1}}$. Stacked measurements reveal a weak positive trend between radio power and halo mass. The observed emission levels lie above simple extrapolations of cluster scaling relations, suggesting that different physical processes dominate in the group regime. Additionally, stellar mass ratios of the most massive galaxies in the group and Early Type Galaxy fractions suggest that these galaxy groups are relatively young, evolving systems where galaxy interactions and mergers may power the emission. Comparisons with Magneto Hydrodynamical simulations indicate shock acceleration alone cannot explain the observed emission, pointing to an important role for fossil plasma re-acceleration and group-scale dynamical activity. These results demonstrate diffuse radio emission is present in a non-negligible fraction of galaxy groups, providing new constraints on non-thermal processes in low-mass environments.