ZPAN: An Organic Nonlinear Optical Crystal for High Intensity THz Generation

Matthew J. Lutz; Sin-Hang Ho; Zachary B. Zaccardi; Paige Petersen; Elisha Jones; Stacey J. Smith; David J. Michaelis; Jeremy A. Johnson

arXiv · 2607.13954

ZPAN: An Organic Nonlinear Optical Crystal for High Intensity THz Generation

Matthew J. Lutz·Sin-Hang Ho·Zachary B. Zaccardi·Paige Petersen·Elisha Jones·Stacey J. Smith·David J. Michaelis·Jeremy A. Johnson

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Abstract

We report an optimized synthesis and crystal growth protocol as well as structural, optical, and terahertz (THz) generation characteristics of the organic nonlinear optical crystal ZPAN ((Z)-1-(((4-Phenylamino)phenylamino)methylene)naphthalen-2(1H)-one). Noncentrosymmetric packing of ZPAN is most reliably achieved by slow evaporation from an acetone-based solvent system, producing long rectangular prisms (7 cm \times 1 cm \times 0.2 cm) with (010) as the main face and [001] as both the polar axis and the direction of elongated crystal growth. [001] is thus the most effective pump polarization direction for generating THz light via optical rectification. The THz generation characteristics of the developed ZPAN crystals are determined at different near-infrared irradiation wavelengths, crystal thicknesses, and pump powers, revealing that ZPAN can generate a peak-to-peak electric field of near 1 MV/cm with a smooth spectrum from 0.5-3.4 THz. Calculated second order nonlinear optical coefficients indicate that both the (100) and (010) faces are theoretically capable of THz generation, though (010) is consistently the dominant growth face. The large size of this face (7 cm \times 1 cm) makes it possible to scale laser power with aperture size, for use in extremely high-power laser systems.

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Matthew J. Lutz, Sin-Hang Ho, Zachary B. Zaccardi, Paige Petersen, Elisha Jones, Stacey J. Smith, David J. Michaelis, Jeremy A. Johnson. 2026-07-15. ZPAN: An Organic Nonlinear Optical Crystal for High Intensity THz Generation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.13954

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