Kernelization for $H$-Packing Revisited

Abstract

\textsc{$H$-Packing} asks whether a graph $G$ contains $k$ vertex-disjoint copies of a fixed pattern graph $H$. Via the standard reduction to \textsc{$d$-Set Packing}, one obtains generic kernels with $O(k^{|V(H)|-1})$ vertices and $O(k^{|V(H)|})$ edges. We revisit the question of beating these bounds for specific patterns $H$. Our main results concern subdivided stars. Let $S_{d_1,d_2}$ denote the subdivided star with $d_1$ branches of length $1$ and $d_2$ branches of length $2$. We obtain kernels with $O(k^2)$ vertices and $O(k^3)$ edges for $P_5=S_{0,2}$, for $S_{1,2}$, and for every $S_{d_1,1}$, kernels with $O(k^4)$ vertices and $O(k^6)$ edges for every fixed $S_{d_1,d_2}$ with $d_1\ge 1$, and a kernel with $O(k^2)$ vertices and $O(k^4)$ edges for the paw. Our proofs proceed in two steps. First, we reduce to instances in which all but a small part of the graph is independent, or in which the graph has a small vertex cover. Second, we reduce the independent side by keeping only a bounded number of witness vertices for each subset of the small part. On the negative side, we prove a lower bound for the line $S_{0,d}$. For every $d\ge 3$ and every $\varepsilon>0$, \textsc{$S_{0,d}$-Packing} does not admit a compression of size $O(k^{d-\varepsilon})$ unless $\NP\subseteq \coNP/\poly$. Thus, deleting a single vertex from the pattern may, surprisingly, make kernelization provably harder, showing that compressibility of \textsc{$H$-Packing} is not monotone under taking induced subgraphs.