Coherent driving of displacive Higgs fluctuations in superconductors

Abstract

Intense phase-stable terahertz (THz) laser pulses can drive collective modes coherently via multi-photon excitation pathways in a manner different than the standard resonant mechanism operative in linear response. Here we show that in superconductors the nonlinear optical response can be enhanced when excited quasiparticles activate a (non-resonant) static displacement of the superconducting order parameter, in full analogy with the displacive excitation of coherent phonons in opaque materials. By combining numerical simulations with analytical results we demonstrate that the displacive mechanism to excite the Higgs mode is operative in both $s$-wave and $d$-wave superconductors. We validate this prediction experimentally by the temperature dependence of the phase of the nonlinear first harmonic in superconducting $s$-wave NbN. We also discuss how the order-parameter relaxation at large times, which can be experimentally accessed via pump-probe protocols is connected to energy-dissipative processes. Our results offer a novel perspective on the ability of intense THz fields to measure, and eventually control, the parametric dependence of the optical response on collective degrees of freedom.