Dynamical Equations for Poisson Galton--Watson Trees and Component Densities of Sparse Inhomogeneous Random Graphs

Abstract

We study Poisson Galton--Watson trees on a standard Borel type space when the offspring kernel is multiplied by a scalar parameter. On finite trees, we identify the Radon--Nikodym derivative between two parameter values and show that it remains measurable after projection to the total progeny measure. Under a uniform bound on the offspring intensities, differentiation yields exact differential and integral equations for the projected laws without irreducibility, reversibility, or a positive eigenfunction. With an additional positive eigenfunction bounded above and away from zero, we relate these equations to an infinite spinal tree, uniform pruning, the Doob transform, and the Aldous--Pitman ascension process. For a uniformly bounded offspring kernel, we also prove uniform exponential integrability of the total progeny throughout the spectrally subcritical regime. As an application, under the graphical-kernel assumptions of Bollobas, Janson and Riordan, the number $K_n$ of connected components satisfies $K_n/n \to {\mathbb E}_{\pi}[1/T_u]$ in probability and in $L^1$, where $T_u$ is the total progeny of the associated branching process and $1/\infty=0$. If $q_u(x)$ is its extinction probability from type $x$, re-rooting and extinction duality give the explicit limit $$ \int_S q_u(x)\,\pi(dx) - {u\over 2}\int_{S\times S}\kappa(x,y)q_u(x)q_u(y)\,\pi(dx)\pi(dy). $$ This extends the finite-type and compact-continuous formulas to the full BJR graphical-kernel setting, allowing separable noncompact type spaces and kernels that may be unbounded or reducible.