The Significance of Proposition II in Galois' M\'emoire, The Origin of Galois Automorphisms

Abstract

In Proposition II of his manuscript, Galois writes the well-known remark: Il y a quelque chose \`a compl\'eter dans cette d\'emonstration. Je n'ai pas le temps. Although Galois did not complete the proof, it is possible to reconstruct the essential content of Proposition II and to supply the missing arguments. As usual, V denotes the linear form ax1+bx2+cx3+..., where x1,x2,x3,... are distinct roots of a separable polynomial. Let L be the corresponding splitting field over a ground field of characteristic zero. On the one hand, Proposition II concerns the factorization of the minimal polynomial g(x) of V over an intermediate field M contained in L; on the other hand, it concerns the factorization of the same polynomial into irreducible factors whose coefficients belong to the intermediate fields conjugate to M. It is precisely this latter aspect that constitutes the central theme of Proposition II. The notions of 'groupe de permutations' and 'groupe de substitutions' are of fundamental importance in the M\'emoire. We provide a characterization of these notions in modern terminology. Associated with every 'groupe de permutations' is a polynomial whose coefficients are invariant under the corresponding 'groupe de substitutions'. Moreover, a 'groupe de permutations' determines a partition of the Galois group, making it possible to factor the minimal polynomial g(x) into factors whose coefficients belong to the intermediate fields corresponding to the associated 'groupes de substitutions'. Finally, we prove that the substitutions of the Galois group are field automorphisms of the splitting field L. This establishes the connection between Galois' original formulation and the modern formulation of Galois theory.