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arXiv · 2607.20673

Statistics on the population of distant substellar companions to nearby stars

Souleymane Ouedraogo·Étienne Artigau·Sié Zacharie Kam·Orlagh L. Creevey·Clémence Fontanive·Neil J. Cook·René Doyon·Fabrice Bado
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Abstract

Context. Wide substellar companions provide important benchmarks for studying the formation and evolution of brown dwarfs and giant planets. Their association with stellar primaries also provides age and metallicity constraints that are difficult to obtain for isolated objects. Aims. We investigate the population of wide substellar companions to nearby main-sequence stars using proper motions derived from multi-epoch WISE imaging. Our sample includes 2103 stars within 20 pc and is sensitive to companions down to $\sim300$ K at separations up to 20,000 AU. Methods. We use a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis to constrain the companion mass and semi-major axis distributions while accounting for observational selection effects, including the reduced detectability of faint companions. We assume power-law distributions, $d^2n \propto M^\alpha a^\beta dM da$. Results. We derive $\alpha=-0.21^{+0.31}_{-0.27}$, $\beta=-1.38\pm0.32$, and an occurrence rate of $1.07^{+0.31}_{-0.24}\%$ for companions with masses of 5--80 $M_J$ at separations of 1,000--20,000 AU. The occurrence rate increases towards smaller separations and for more massive host stars. Conclusions. The inferred companion mass distribution is consistent with previous direct imaging surveys despite differences in target selection. The power-law distributions in both mass and separation also agree with those of stellar binaries. Our sample is about an order of magnitude larger than those of previous imaging surveys, providing the most robust statistical characterisation of wide substellar companions to date. These results support the interpretation that wide substellar companions represent the low-mass extension of the stellar binary population rather than a direct extension of close-in giant planets.

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Souleymane Ouedraogo, Étienne Artigau, Sié Zacharie Kam, Orlagh L. Creevey, Clémence Fontanive, Neil J. Cook, René Doyon, Fabrice Bado. 2026-07-22. Statistics on the population of distant substellar companions to nearby stars. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.20673

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