Transient fluid removal at soft interfaces: Stationary squeeze-out and dynamic scraping in a block-on-flat contact

Abstract

Fluid removal from rubber-substrate interfaces is crucial for maintaining friction during walking and vehicle braking on contaminated surfaces. We study the transient friction of rectangular rubber blocks sliding against tile and glass surfaces lubricated with water, glycerol, mud, or silicone grease. Two block configurations with different lengths in the sliding direction were tested after different stationary waiting times. For water, stationary squeeze-out is nearly complete before sliding begins. For glycerol, both stationary squeeze-out and sliding-induced fluid removal are important. For mud and grease, the steady-sliding state is reached after a sliding distance of the order of the block length, with little dependence on the preceding waiting time, showing that sliding-induced scraping dominates fluid removal for highly viscous substances. Dividing the contact into shorter blocks accelerates fluid removal by reducing the drainage distance and increasing the number of leading edges. Stationary squeeze-out calculations based on the measured surface roughness are in reasonably good agreement with the glycerol experiments. The results provide design guidelines for rubber tread blocks with multiscale drainage channels and sufficient compliance to promote transient fluid removal.