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arXiv · 2607.23825

Bridging the Epistemic Gap in the Invisible Internet: Extended Mathematical Modeling and Empirical Characterization of I2P Topology

Siddique Abubakr Muntaka·Jacques Bou Abdo·Liaquat Hossain
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Abstract

The Invisible Internet Project (I2P) is a decentralized, peer-to-peer network underpinning secure and adversarial communications with major implications for cybersecurity and national security. Its global topology emerges from thousands of independent peer-selection decisions, producing a hub-dominated, complex structure that resists external observation. Prior models based on protocol documentation failed to capture real-world behavior. We close this gap with an Extended Mathematical Model (EMM) derived from production code and validated on a six-router, geographically distributed testbed over thirty days. Results reveal limited router visibility (~25% of nodes), relativistic tier allocations, strong Fast-tier tunnel preference, and overrepresented High Capacity-tier exploratory tunnels. The model accurately predicts emergent topological asymmetries and defines the adversarial resources required to compromise privacy, providing a principled foundation for cyber deterrence and secure decentralized network design.

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Siddique Abubakr Muntaka, Jacques Bou Abdo, Liaquat Hossain. 2026-07-26. Bridging the Epistemic Gap in the Invisible Internet: Extended Mathematical Modeling and Empirical Characterization of I2P Topology. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.23825

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