Sensor-Limited Observability and Carrier-Induced Reachability of Low-Order Rotor-Coupled NVH in Production Electric Drives: A Magnetic Co-Energy, Gramian, and Active Projection Framework for Production-Signal Feasibility Analysis

Abstract

This paper is motivated by a practical rotor-coupled Order-2 NVH problem observed under load in a production electric drive. Production controllers typically lack direct measurements of rotor vibration, air-gap deformation, or housing acceleration. The central question is therefore whether a mechanically important low-order vibration can be inferred or influenced using only dq currents, voltage commands, resolver angle, and resolver speed. The selected vibration component is represented as an equivalent air-gap deformation mode in a magnetic co-energy-based electromechanical state-space model. Finite-time Gramians evaluate current-based observability, resolver-based observability, and plant-level voltage-to-air-gap reachability. The analysis identifies flux-linkage sensitivity as the common bottleneck for passive current observability and passive voltage reachability, while resolver observability depends on a separate torque-projection condition. A mechanically significant deformation may thus remain first-order invisible to passive dq signals because production measurements observe a winding-level global projection rather than local air-gap flux redistribution. To address this degeneracy, the paper introduces carrier-induced active projection. A realizable electromagnetic carrier may create additional measurement and force projections, enabling carrier-on observability, reachability, and sideband signatures in production residuals. Two numerical studies examine passive low-order projection in a 48-slot, 8-pole symmetry proxy and sideband detectability under finite-window noise and near-order disturbance leakage. They demonstrate the computational structure of the framework but do not constitute FEM-calibrated motor validation.