Magnetic anisotropy in the near-stoichiometric van der Waals ferromagnet Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$

Riju Pal; Joyal John Abraham; Satyabrata Bera; Mintu Mondal; Atindra Nath Pal; Bernd Buchner; Vladislav Kataev; Alexey Alfonsov

arXiv · 2607.24543

Magnetic anisotropy in the near-stoichiometric van der Waals ferromagnet Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$

Riju Pal·Joyal John Abraham·Satyabrata Bera·Mintu Mondal·Atindra Nath Pal·Bernd Buchner·Vladislav Kataev·Alexey Alfonsov

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Abstract

Quasi-two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnets such as the series Fe$_{3-x}$GeTe$_2$, with a relatively high Curie temperature and robust metallicity, offer an ideal platform for investigating itinerant magnetism in reduced dimensions. Here, we present a comprehensive electron spin resonance (ESR) investigation of single-crystalline almost-stoichiometric Fe$_{3.03 \pm 0.03}$GeTe$_{2}$ across wide ranges of frequencies, temperatures, and magnetic fields to gain quantitative insights into its magnetic anisotropy and spin dynamics. Frequency-dependent ESR measurements establish Fe$_{3}$GeTe$_{2}$ as an easy-axis ferromagnet. Temperature-dependent high-field ESR reveals a large internal field that gradually decreases at higher temperatures. Remarkably, this internal field persists even above $T_\mathrm{C}$, evidencing short-range spin correlations in Fe$_{3}$GeTe$_{2}$. Analysis of spin-wave modes yields a strong uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy $K_{\text{int}} \approx - 5 \times 10^6$ erg cm$^{-3}$ at 3 K and a large magnon gap $\Delta(3 \mathrm{K})$ $\approx$ 87.8 $\pm$ 13.7 GHz ($\approx$ 0.363 $\pm$ 0.057 meV). Our study highlights that small variations in Fe content in Fe$_{3}$GeTe$_{2}$ lead to substantial changes in the magnon gap at low temperatures, indicating the extreme sensitivity of spin dynamics to the chemical composition. These results establish Fe$_{3}$GeTe$_{2}$ as a model vdW ferromagnet for exploring tunable anisotropies and magnon excitations in metallic 2D magnets.

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Riju Pal, Joyal John Abraham, Satyabrata Bera, Mintu Mondal, Atindra Nath Pal, Bernd Buchner, Vladislav Kataev, Alexey Alfonsov. 2026-07-27. Magnetic anisotropy in the near-stoichiometric van der Waals ferromagnet Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.24543

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