From Starburst to Quenching: Physical Properties of Extremely Compact Starbursts at z$\sim$0.1

Abstract

The compaction phase plays a crucial role in galaxy evolution, as it is strongly linked to star formation activities and structural transformation. We have identified a sample of extremely compact starburst galaxies (eCSBs) at low redshift~(z$\sim$0.1), which represent this critical evolutionary stage. These eCSBs are massive outliers with intense star formation and high infrared luminosities comparable to (U)LIRGs, while their structure already resembles quiescent galaxies. To investigate their molecular gas properties, we conducted IRAM 30m observations of $^{12}$CO J = 1--0 and $^{12}$CO J = 2--1 emission lines. Our results indicate that eCSBs exhibit a notably low molecular gas fraction~($\sim3\%$), and short gas depletion time~($\sim$ 20 Myr), suggesting that these galaxies are rapidly exhausting their remaining gas reservoir. Compared to normal (U)LIRGs, eCSBs show systematically lower $^{12}$CO(2-1)/$^{12}$CO(1-0) ratio~($R_{21} \sim 0.65 \pm 0.06$), similar to main sequence galaxies. The relatively low CO excitation may be associated with their high central stellar mass densities. These findings provide new insight into the molecular gas properties of galaxies during the compaction phase, highlighting their unique condition and rapid evolution toward quiescence.