Reversal of a flat plate into its wake: a minimal model for wake capture

Abstract

In reciprocating flapping-like motions, wing-wake interaction plays a crucial role in fluid force generation. While this effect's existence has been acknowledged, particularly in explaining discrepancies between measured forces and quasi-steady approximations, fundamental research on the mechanism underlying this interaction and its scaling remains limited. To address this, we investigate the excess drag force, relative to quasi-steady estimates, acting on a flat plate during the reversal phase of a forward and back translational motion. The flow produced by this motion, studied at insect-flight-relevant Reynolds numbers, serves as a simplified analogue to biological flapping. We demonstrate that interaction with pre-existing wake flow indeed generates excess drag. The main parameter governing this interaction is the distance travelled before reversal, which influences both magnitude and temporal dynamics of the peak drag. We link our observations to optimal vortex formation, as the time trace of the additional drag during reversal is qualitatively altered by the detachment of the starting vortex ring: vortex detachment and re-formation lead to two distinct wake-force peaks. Furthermore, as the pre-reversal distance traversed increases, the wake interaction force post-reversal decays more slowly. Flow observations reveal a similar spatial decay of the streamwise velocity in the wake at the moment of reversal, suggesting a direct link. Representing the starting vortex as a point vortex indicates that the wake's spatial scaling, and commensurately the temporal scaling of the wing-wake interaction effect, is primarily governed by the vortex ring position, shape, and circulation. This simplification reveals a dependence on the pre-reversal translation distance that can be described by a combined fourth-root and linear scaling.