Evaluating the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict in Gaze-Based 3D Target Selection

Mohammad Raihanul Bashar; Mohammadreza Amini; Aunnoy K Mutasim; Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca; Wolfgang Stuerzlinger; Anil Ufuk Batmaz

arXiv · 2607.27369

Evaluating the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict in Gaze-Based 3D Target Selection

Mohammad Raihanul Bashar·Mohammadreza Amini·Aunnoy K Mutasim·Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca·Wolfgang Stuerzlinger·Anil Ufuk Batmaz

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Abstract

State-of-the-art head-mounted displays (HMDs) enable gaze-based selection in virtual environments. Yet, these HMDs suffer from the vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC), which is known to affect interaction performance. The VAC might influence gaze-based selection performance because it directly affects eye-movement behavior. Thus, in this paper, we investigate how the VAC influences gaze-based 3D target selection across varying depth conditions. Our results show that as the (visual) depth increases, user performance significantly decreases with gaze-based selection. Moreover, a previously suggested Variation in Diopter Fitts' law model captured this performance change better relative to a linear model. These findings provide evidence that gaze-based pointing is negatively affected by the VAC and highlight the importance of accounting for depth-dependent factors when designing gaze-based interaction in 3D environments.

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Mohammad Raihanul Bashar, Mohammadreza Amini, Aunnoy K Mutasim, Mayra Donaji Barrera Machuca, Wolfgang Stuerzlinger, Anil Ufuk Batmaz. 2026-07-29. Evaluating the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict in Gaze-Based 3D Target Selection. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.27369

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