Gaussian free field in annulus: BPZ equations and crossing probabilities for level lines

Chongzhi Huang; Mingchang Liu; Hao Wu

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arXiv · 2607.27786

Gaussian free field in annulus: BPZ equations and crossing probabilities for level lines

Chongzhi Huang·Mingchang Liu·Hao Wu

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Abstract

We consider level lines of Gaussian free field (GFF) in annulus with alternating boundary conditions. We calculate the probability that all level lines cross the annulus. Such probability is given by the ratio between two partition functions. These two partition functions are constructed via Dub\'edat's regularized Dirichlet energy. We show that these partition functions are solutions to annulus Belavin-Polyakov-Zamolodchikov (BPZ) equations. In the annulus setup, the number of variables exceeds the number of BPZ equations, so the BPZ system alone does not determine the partition functions uniquely. By establishing sufficiently good control of the two partition functions constructed above, we are nevertheless able to derive the crossing probability.

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Chongzhi Huang, Mingchang Liu, Hao Wu. 2026-07-30. Gaussian free field in annulus: BPZ equations and crossing probabilities for level lines. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.27786

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