Identifying a Level-up Pathway for AI-assisted Counterspeech through Elaboration

Abstract

Given the profound societal impact of vaccine-skeptical content on social media, community-driven counterspeech has emerged as a promising participatory response to contest and curb such objectionable content. Yet crafting effective counterspeech remains challenging for ordinary users, limiting their willingness and ability to engage constructively. We designed and evaluated three generative AI-assisted counterspeech writing systems that vary by assistance stage (co-writing vs. re-writing) and mode (guided vs. unguided) to support lay users' responses to vaccine-skeptical content. We ask whether AI can help users craft counterspeech perceived as both effective and authentic, which forms of AI support work best, and through what mechanisms. In a randomized controlled trial with social media users, participants wrote counterspeech responses to both statistical and narrative vaccine-skeptical content. Across evidence types, AI-assisted writing increased perceived counterspeech effectiveness while largely preserving authentic self-expression, and perceived effectiveness was the strongest predictor of willingness to counterspeak publicly. AI's primary benefit was facilitating more elaborate writing, producing messages that were more informative, analytical, and lexically sophisticated. These findings suggest a level-up pathway for AI-assisted, community-driven counterspeech, which helps cultivate more effective and motivated counterspeakers, contributing to higher-quality public discourse on pressing societal issues.