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arXiv · 2608.01765

Noise-robust discrimination of incoherent point sources with spatial-mode demultiplexing

Jian-Qiang Liu·Chao-Ning Hu·Jun Xin·Xiao-Ming Lu
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Abstract

We theoretically predict and experimentally demonstrate that a reduced spatial-mode demultiplexing (SPADE) measurement using only the two lowest-order Hermite-Gaussian modes exhibits remarkable robustness against background noise in discriminating between a single source and two incoherent point sources. We establish a theoretical framework incorporating uniform background noise and derive an analytical Chernoff exponent expression, showing that SPADE consistently outperforms direct imaging (DI) across all source separations. Experimental results confirm that SPADE-based hypothesis testing approaches the quantum limit even when the background-to-signal photon ratio per pixel is 0.11. This advantage stems from SPADE's ability to concentrate source information into minimal detection modes, reducing the cumulative background noise impact. Our findings provide a practical detection scheme for applications where background noise is inevitable, such as astronomical observations and quantum sensing.

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Jian-Qiang Liu, Chao-Ning Hu, Jun Xin, Xiao-Ming Lu. 2026-08-03. Noise-robust discrimination of incoherent point sources with spatial-mode demultiplexing. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.01765

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