The double white dwarf merger model for the progenitors of SN 2021yfj-like events

Abstract

Context. Recently, a new class of supernovae with prominent narrow emission features of Si, S and Ar has been reported, i.e. SN 2021yfj-like events (SNe Ien). Their progenitor origin is still unknown. It has been suggested that a massive CO WD may evolve into a Si/S-rich WD when accreting He-rich matter at a high mass-transfer rate. If the He companion subsequently evolves into another more massive WD, the merger of this double WD system can generate Si/S-rich CSM through tidal stripping. Following the SN explosion, the interaction between the SN ejecta and the Si/S-rich CSM could produce the Si, S, and Ar emission lines characteristic of SN 2021yfj-like events. Aims. In this work, we aim to determine the initial parameter space of WD+He star systems that can lead to SN 2021yfj-like events via the double WD merger scenario, and to quantify their theoretical Galactic birthrate and delay-time distributions. Methods. We perform detailed binary evolution simulations of a large number of semidetached WD+He star systems to obtain the parameter space that leads to the formation of Si/S-rich WDs and subsequent double WD mergers. We then use binary population synthesis to calculate the Galactic birthrate and delay-time distribution of such events. Results. For the formation of SN 2021yfj-like events, we found that the initial CO WD and He companion masses must lie in the ranges of 1.0-1.2 M_sun and 2.2-2.5 M_sun, respectively. The derived merger rate for this scenario is ~(2.6-4.4)x10^-5 yr^-1 with delay times longer than 450 Myr, which is about 1% of the observed SN Ia rate. Conclusions. We suggest that the double WD merger scenario involving a Si/S-rich WD originating from a CO WD+He star system, represents a significant and competitive model for SN 2021yfj-like events, underscoring the need for further observations of similar events coupled with relevant theoretical investigations.