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arXiv · 2608.03757

A New Look at Gaussian Mixtures in the Presence of Missing-at-Random Responses and Covariates

Hung Tong·Antonio Punzo·Cristina Tortora
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Abstract

Missing values present a common challenge in statistical modeling, so handling them properly is an important research direction. Among the various mechanisms that can generate missing values, the most common is the missing-at-random (MAR) mechanism, in which the probability of missingness depends only on observed data and not on unobserved data. This paper addresses the problem of estimating a multivariate linear regression model with multiple random covariates in the presence of MAR values in both the response and covariate spaces using a maximum likelihood (ML) framework. The proposed methodology models the joint distribution of responses and covariates through a conditional-marginal factorization of a multivariate Gaussian distribution. This formulation can be interpreted as a reparameterization of the multivariate normal distribution when the variables can be naturally partitioned into responses and covariates. Parameter estimation is performed using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, which facilitates the imputation of missing values while preserving the distinct roles of responses and covariates. We extend this framework to the model-based clustering setting by considering a mixture of multivariate linear regressions with multiple random covariates. This extension enables soft clustering under incomplete data and accommodates MAR values in both the multivariate responses and covariates. Hence, it represents one of the most general model-based clustering solutions for regression data currently available in the literature. The effectiveness of the methodology is demonstrated through a simulation study, and the advantages of the proposed reparameterization are illustrated using the Automobile dataset, which contains missing values.

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Hung Tong, Antonio Punzo, Cristina Tortora. 2026-08-04. A New Look at Gaussian Mixtures in the Presence of Missing-at-Random Responses and Covariates. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.03757

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