Formation of nitriles and isonitriles by the heavy-ion irradiation of propionitrile in N2-rich astrophysical ices

Abstract

Context. Nitriles are key nitrogen-bearing organic molecules in dense clouds, star-forming regions, and nitrogen-rich icy environments. Understanding their stability and chemical evolution under energetic processing is essential for understanding the formation of complex organic species in astrophysical ices. Aims. We investigate the radiolytic processing of propionitrile (CH3CH2CN, hereafter referred to as PCN) in a nitrogen-rich ice matrix and evaluate the formation of nitriles, isonitriles, hydrocarbons, and other nitrogen-bearing products induced by swift heavy ions. Methods. A PCN:N2 ice mixture with an approximate molecular ratio of 1:10 was deposited at 10 K and irradiated with 40 MeV 40Ar9+ ions up to a fluence of 1 x 1013 ions cm-2. The chemical evolution was monitored in situ by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Destruction and formation cross sections, as well as radiation chemical yields, were derived from the fluence dependence of selected infrared bands. Results. Ion irradiation efficiently destroys PCN and produces a rich inventory of daughter species. The products include: nitriles and isonitriles such as HCN, HCNN, HC3N, CH3CN, CH3C3N, CH3CHCNH, CH2CHCN, NCCN/C2N2, CN, and C2N; nitrogen-bearing species such as CH2NH, CH3NH2, CH3N3, and N3- ; and hydrocarbons, including CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, and C4H4. The derived cross sections indicate that CN-bearing fragments and hydrocarbons are among the most efficiently formed products, demonstrating that the CN group is efficiently preserved and that extensive carbon-chain reorganization also occurs. Conclusions. The results demonstrate that the energetic processing of PCN in N2-rich ices provides an efficient pathway to molecular complexity under conditions relevant to dense interstellar clouds, protostellar environments, and nitrogen-rich outer Solar System surfaces.