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arXiv · 2608.04019

Hidden Underbelly of the Silicon Valley: Algorithmic Exploitation and Health in Data Work Value Chains

Mophat Okinyi·Richard Mathenge·Mohammad Amir Anwar
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Abstract

With robots expected to replace humans in some professions, AI presents a new development prospect through the provisions of data work. For over a decade, large Silicon Valley technology firms have been relying on outsourcing of data work via a host of intermediary suppliers and labour platforms to different parts of the globe often the Global South region, such as East Africa. Much of this work is often shrouded in secrecy as firms rarely reveal the extent of their value chains. This results in the poor and marginalised forming the hidden underbelly of the Silicon Valley, training some of their most advanced machines in adverse working conditions. Drawing upon the survey of workers in Kenya, a major hub for data work in Africa, the paper highlights the physical and psychological impacts on workers. Survey data is complemented with in-depth interviews and auto-ethnographic account of two ex-data workers-turned activists who worked for a large data enrichment firms in Kenya. Overall, the study highlights serious mental and physical health issues experienced humans behind the making of AI systems.

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Mophat Okinyi, Richard Mathenge, Mohammad Amir Anwar. 2026-06-23. Hidden Underbelly of the Silicon Valley: Algorithmic Exploitation and Health in Data Work Value Chains. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.04019

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