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arXiv · 2608.05381

C$^3$PO: Evaluating Cross-Modal Composition and Counterfactual Performance in Omnimodal Models

Swapnanil Mukherjee·Agyeya Negi·Tanuja Ganu·Ponnurangam Kumaraguru
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Abstract

Current Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) can process diverse sensory inputs, yet their reasoning remains heavily biased toward a dominant modality, resulting in brittle cross-modal reasoning. We introduce C$^3$PO, a benchmark of 3,404 samples spanning video, audio, image, and text, evaluating two abilities: information composition (fusing dispersed evidence) and counterfactual conflict (resolving deliberate contradictions). C$^3$PO's paired IC/CC structure and four-tier design enable targeted diagnosis of when and why cross-modal reasoning fails. Built through a fully automatic pipeline using 25 logically grounded templates, C$^3$PO reveals that while humans achieve 88.64% accuracy, the best model (Gemini-3.1-Pro) reaches only 73.17%, with open-source models collapsing under conflict. Through attention probes, we find 86-95% of failures stem from modality dominance: models commit to one modality while ignoring contradictory evidence, concentrating 87-95% of attention on text. Mid-layer attention entropy predicts correctness-sustained exploration succeeds, premature collapse fails. The 56-point accuracy gap between equally complex templates reveals that performance depends on modalities' structural roles in conflict resolution, not combinations. These findings show multimodal perception does not guarantee robust reasoning; architectures must enable sustained cross-modal attention to avoid premature

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Swapnanil Mukherjee, Agyeya Negi, Tanuja Ganu, Ponnurangam Kumaraguru. 2026-08-05. C$^3$PO: Evaluating Cross-Modal Composition and Counterfactual Performance in Omnimodal Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.05381

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