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arXiv · 2608.05418

Negotiating Risk Boundaries in AI for Policing Through Mixed-Stakeholder Deliberation

Mackenzie Jorgensen·Jo Reilly·Alex Sutherland·Miri Zilka
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Abstract

AI tools are being increasingly adopted in policing in the UK and worldwide. Racial bias is a known and well-documented risk, yet representatives of affected communities are rarely included in decisions about AI adoption. We present results from a mixed-stakeholder deliberation workshop bringing together 30 community representatives, police officers, and academics to assess the risks of 13 AI use cases in policing, with an explicit focus on racial bias. We found that participants were broadly open to AI adoption, rejecting only three use cases outright, most notably recidivism risk assessment, where objections targeted the premise rather than the implementation. Our analysis reveals that foregrounding racial equity did not narrow the deliberation. Instead, discussions gravitated toward a fundamental set of questions: does this tool actually work, will it deliver genuine benefit, and will that benefit extend to everyone? This integrated reasoning, reminiscent of the curb-cut effect in inclusive design, highlights the benefit of incorporating the racial bias lens into the risk-benefit analysis of AI use cases from the outset.

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Mackenzie Jorgensen, Jo Reilly, Alex Sutherland, Miri Zilka. 2026-08-05. Negotiating Risk Boundaries in AI for Policing Through Mixed-Stakeholder Deliberation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.05418

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