A Heterogeneous Distributed Architecture for Quantum Simulation

John Stack; Sitong Liu; Abhinav Anand; Inder Monga; Yuan Liu; Erhan Saglamyurek; Pedro L. S. Lopes; Frank Mueller; Katherine Klymko

arXiv · 2608.09215

A Heterogeneous Distributed Architecture for Quantum Simulation

John Stack·Sitong Liu·Abhinav Anand·Inder Monga·Yuan Liu·Erhan Saglamyurek·Pedro L. S. Lopes·Frank Mueller·Katherine Klymko

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Abstract

Architectural specialization and distribution can help scale fault-tolerant quantum computers, but may also introduce substantial overheads from communication, routing, and resource duplication. We introduce a heterogeneous distributed architecture in which a magic core is connected to an extensible storage system composed of one-dimensional lanes of specialized cold-storage nodes. The storage system supports parallel random access to Pauli string parities. This organization is particularly well suited to fermionic quantum simulation, enabling parallel execution of the highly non-local Pauli strings arising from these systems. We evaluate the architecture on fault-tolerant simulations of the dynamics of the Fermi-Hubbard and sparse Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) models on systems of up to 450 logical qubits. These workloads exhibit complementary communication structures: Fermi-Hubbard produces a spectrum of interactions from local to non-local shaped by lattice geometry, whereas sparse SYK produces highly non-local and overlapping Pauli operators. For a Trotter step of a 450-logical-qubit Fermi-Hubbard workload, a six-lane system with 30 T-state factories is within approximately $1.4\times$ the wall-clock time of a homogeneous distributed architecture with 4 times as many T-state factories and substantially greater connectivity and sites for injecting magic. For matched T-factory counts, our architecture is $\sim 2\times$ faster.

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John Stack, Sitong Liu, Abhinav Anand, Inder Monga, Yuan Liu, Erhan Saglamyurek, Pedro L. S. Lopes, Frank Mueller, Katherine Klymko. 2026-08-10. A Heterogeneous Distributed Architecture for Quantum Simulation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.09215

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