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arXiv · 2608.09434

Biocompatible Vaterite Carriers Enable Multimodal Quantum Sensing with Nanodiamonds

T. Amro·M. Attrash·A. Droby·A. Ushkov·R. Malkinson·P. Penshin·A. Hen·V. Bobrovs·P. Ginzburg·H. Barhum·N. Bar-Gill
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Abstract

Mobile nanodiamond quantum sensors in liquids are affected by Brownian rotation, variable photon collection, and perturbations from optical trapping. Here we assemble 40-nm nitrogen-vacancy nanodiamonds on porous, birefringent vaterite microspherulites, creating mobile sensors with a polarization-addressable body frame and a chemically active carbonate interface. Under 976-nm trapping, the sensors retain spin resonance and longitudinal relaxation, with less than 7% variation in contrast and an approximately 1-MHz resonance shift at 0.8 W. Zeeman-split resonances resolve magnetic fields from 0 to 0.8 mT, with a response metric of 78--144 $\mu$T Hz$^{-1/2}$. In cell-culture medium, a 10.7-$\mu$M proton-equivalent dose shortens $T_1$ from $23.4 \pm 2.3$ to $9.0 \pm 1.2$ $\mu$s, yielding concentration and pH sensitivities of $6.46$ $\mu$M Hz$^{-1/2}$ and $6.54$ mpH Hz$^{-1/2}$, respectively. A 500-fold larger proton dose in ethanol produces a weaker response. A grand-canonical charge-regulation model links proton chemical potential to interfacial switching, establishing a route to multimodal quantum sensing in complex liquids.

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T. Amro, M. Attrash, A. Droby, A. Ushkov, R. Malkinson, P. Penshin, A. Hen, V. Bobrovs, P. Ginzburg, H. Barhum, N. Bar-Gill. 2026-08-10. Biocompatible Vaterite Carriers Enable Multimodal Quantum Sensing with Nanodiamonds. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.09434

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