A Multi-scale Investigation of Aqueous Foams Stabilised by PNIPAM Microgels

Joanne Zimmer; Luca Mirau; Kevin Gräff; Gaëtan Barth; Carina Schneider; Vera A. N. A. Hesse; Hayden Robertson; Regine von Klitzing

arXiv · 2608.11999

A Multi-scale Investigation of Aqueous Foams Stabilised by PNIPAM Microgels

Joanne Zimmer·Luca Mirau·Kevin Gräff·Gaëtan Barth·Carina Schneider·Vera A. N. A. Hesse·Hayden Robertson·Regine von Klitzing

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Abstract

Aqueous foams possess multiple structural motifs across different length scales: macroscopic foam, bubbles, foam films and the air/water interface. In this study, macroscopic foams are generated by sparging gas through an aqueous dispersion of PNIPAM microgels which act as foam stabilisers due to their surface activity. The stiffness of the microgels and thus their interfacial activity are tuned by variation of the cross-linker density. The effect of the cross-linker density and the microgel concentration on the resulting foam formation properties (foamability) and the foam stability are investigated. A lower cross-linker density and a higher microgel concentration enhance the foamability, generate foams with smaller bubbles and higher liquid fractions, and increase the foam stability. These observations are correlated with the microgel behavior at the single air/water interface examined by pendant drop tensiometry and Langmuir compression experiments as well as the mobility in single free-standing foam films determined using a Thin Film Pressure Balance. Our findings highlight good agreement across all length scales: increased foamability correlates with a faster decrease in surface tension, and higher foam stability with a higher surface elastic modulus of a microgel-covered single air/water interface and decreasing mobility in foam films.

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Joanne Zimmer, Luca Mirau, Kevin Gräff, Gaëtan Barth, Carina Schneider, Vera A. N. A. Hesse, Hayden Robertson, Regine von Klitzing. 2026-08-12. A Multi-scale Investigation of Aqueous Foams Stabilised by PNIPAM Microgels. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.11999

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