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arXiv · 2608.14564

The Uneasy Marriage of AI and Dependability: Integrating Taxonomy and Methods for Dependability and Accuracy Enhancement

Aad van Moorsel
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Abstract

In this paper we discuss the connection between fault-tolerance mechanisms in traditional computer systems, and approaches in accuracy enhancement for AI-based services. We will find that AI mechanisms such as ensembles and reject option have direct counterparts in hardware and software dependability through N-modular redundancy and acceptance tests, even though their motivation, justification and implementation are quite different. We augment the traditional dependability taxonomy to include critical defining features of faults and failures in AI-based services. We propose to consider incorrect outcomes from AI as errors, even if the system hardware and software operates error free. AI then becomes a third system layer (after hardware and software) for which dependability needs to be considered, and for which dependability has specific characteristics. The existing fault classes in the dependability taxonomy are not suited for AI, and we propose to introduce AI Output Faults, representing the inherent possibly incorrect (and therefore faulty) outcome of AI algorithms. We then map and compare fault tolerance mechanisms with AI accuracy enhancement mechanisms, and we see they carry strike resemblances. We hope the work presented in this paper will help in establishing a truly integrated and unified understanding of dependability for modern-day AI-based systems.

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Aad van Moorsel. 2026-05-27. The Uneasy Marriage of AI and Dependability: Integrating Taxonomy and Methods for Dependability and Accuracy Enhancement. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.14564

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