Dianoga simulations of galaxy clusters and groups: Properties of the baryonic components

Stefano Borgani; Alice Damiano; Elena Rasia; Tiago Castro; Michela Esposito; Ilaria Marini; Giuseppe Murante; Milena Valentini; Veronica Biffi; Klaus Dolag; Gian Luigi Granato; Antonio Ragagnin; Cinthia Ragone-Figueroa; Alex Saro; Luca Tornatore

arXiv · 2608.17570

Dianoga simulations of galaxy clusters and groups: Properties of the baryonic components

Stefano Borgani·Alice Damiano·Elena Rasia·Tiago Castro·Michela Esposito·Ilaria Marini·Giuseppe Murante·Milena Valentini·Veronica Biffi·Klaus Dolag·Gian Luigi Granato·Antonio Ragagnin·Cinthia Ragone-Figueroa·Alex Saro·Luca Tornatore

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Abstract

We introduce the Dianoga set of cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters and groups, specifically aimed at studying the impact of the implementation of AGN feedback and star formation. Using the OpenGadget3 code, we carry out simulations of 28 regions centred on massive galaxy clusters, and of a cosmological box. This generates a sample of 293 halos with M_{200}> 1.5 x 10^{13} M_{\odot}. Parameters of AGN feedback in the reference implementation were minimally calibrated exclusively to match the local relation between SMBH masses and stellar masses of host galaxies. Simulations are compared to observed galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF), stellar mass fraction in clusters and groups, BCG masses, scaling relations between ICM/IGM properties and profiles of their thermodynamical properties. In the appendix, we show how results vary as we modify the reference feedback model in six alternative configurations. Our reference model predicts a GSMF in general agreement with observations, albeit overestimated in the high end. BCG stellar masses and mass fractions are higher than observed in massive clusters, while being closer to observations for groups. Predicted properties of the ICM/IGM are in general agreement with observations, with the core regions of simulated clusters having entropy and temperature profiles that are slightly less "cool-cored" than observed. A comparison with other implementations of AGN feedback highlights that models including thermal evaporation of the sub-resolution interstellar medium succeed to bring BCG masses and stellar mass fractions closer to observation, and to increase the cool-coreness of simulated clusters. Our results demonstrate that the details of the interface between AGN energy injection and the sub-resolution interstellar medium model are at least as critical as the total feedback efficiency itself.

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Stefano Borgani, Alice Damiano, Elena Rasia, Tiago Castro, Michela Esposito, Ilaria Marini, Giuseppe Murante, Milena Valentini, Veronica Biffi, Klaus Dolag, Gian Luigi Granato, Antonio Ragagnin, Cinthia Ragone-Figueroa, Alex Saro, Luca Tornatore. 2026-08-18. Dianoga simulations of galaxy clusters and groups: Properties of the baryonic components. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.17570

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