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arXiv · 2608.18310

No parametrisation, No Problem: A Weakly Modelled Framework to Constrain the Luminosity Distance--Redshift Relation Using Gravitational Wave Sirens

Elena Colangeli·Konstantin Leyde·Tessa Baker·Anson Chen
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Abstract

Cosmological tests of general relativity (GR) using gravitational waves (GWs) often rely on parametrised forms of the luminosity distance-redshift ($ d_{\rm L} - z$) relation, which is modified in alternative theories of gravity where the gravitational coupling strength is time-dependent. Although they can lead to stringent results, these parametrisations encapsulate a restricted range of behaviours that may not represent the full variety of modified gravity theories. We present a quasi-model-independent framework to reconstruct deviations from GR in the ratio of the GW to standard electromagnetic luminosity distance. We find that our method can confidently constrain monotonic, irregular, and oscillatory features in the ratio, without biasing population distribution parameters. Applying our framework to GWTC-5 data, we find no deviations from GR. We report that O5-like GW data will not resolve deviations from GR smaller than 30% with our method; however, third generation GW detectors can confidently detect deviations of order 5% to 3$\sigma$ significance.

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Elena Colangeli, Konstantin Leyde, Tessa Baker, Anson Chen. 2026-08-18. No parametrisation, No Problem: A Weakly Modelled Framework to Constrain the Luminosity Distance--Redshift Relation Using Gravitational Wave Sirens. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.18310

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