Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2608.21108

Remote sensing of the temporal and spatial variability of atmospheric refractivity using ADS-B interferometry (ADSBi)

Ollie Lewis·Chris Brunt·Malcolm Kitchen·Neill E. Bowler·Edmund K. Stone
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

The extreme variability of humidity in the lower atmosphere over short spatial and temporal scales presents an enormous challenge for existing observing systems. Variations in humidity can be detected due to changes in the refractive properties of the atmosphere, which influence the propagation of electromagnetic radiation. We demonstrate the ability to retrieve high-resolution refractivity gradient measurements using an interferometer to measure the refraction of the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) radio transmission routinely broadcast by commercial aircraft. The ADS-B interferometry (ADSBi) technique is sensitive to small-scale spatial and temporal variability in the refractivity gradient due to changes in humidity. We demonstrate how the retrieval of refractivity profiles is possible exploiting the differences in the observed refraction of radio transmissions broadcast by aircraft at different distances and altitudes.

Explore related subjects

physics.ao-ph

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Ollie Lewis, Chris Brunt, Malcolm Kitchen, Neill E. Bowler, Edmund K. Stone. 2026-08-21. Remote sensing of the temporal and spatial variability of atmospheric refractivity using ADS-B interferometry (ADSBi). https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.21108

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Windowed Envelope Statistics for Time-Domain Significant Wave Height Estimation From HF Radar

Significant wave height (SWH) retrieval from high-frequency (HF) radar typically relies on a weak second-order Doppler continuum that is sensitive to noise, interference, and spectral leakage. This letter presents a Windowed Envelope Statistics Estimator (WESE) that operates directly on beam-formed time-domain voltages. A second-order term obtained from a Neumann expansion of the rough-surface field equation motivates quadratic compensation of localized radar features. WESE extracts the mean, standard deviation, or variance from overlapping windows of the in-phase, quadrature, or envelope-magnitude sequence, followed by quadratic compensation, rank ordering, least-squares regression, and causal smoothing. Evaluation used 335 synchronized hourly observations from a 13.385 MHz, 12-element WERA system at Argentia, Newfoundland and Labrador. The optimal configuration used quadrature variance, a 16-sample window, 896 retained chronological samples, and 30-h smoothing, achieving an RMSE of 0.152 m and a Pearson correlation of 0.978. This represents RMSE reductions of 32.1% and 18.7% relative to previously reported linear and second-order compensated ordered-statistics models, respectively. The results demonstrate robust time-domain SWH estimation without explicit Doppler-spectrum construction.

physics.ao-ph↗
arXiv2026

KiloDA: Reconstructing kilometer-scale near-surface wind states from sparse station observations

Accurate kilometer-scale near-surface winds are important for understanding atmospheric processes over complex terrain, yet remain difficult to reconstruct from sparse and unevenly distributed observations. Here we introduce KiloDA, a diffusion framework for hourly kilometer-scale wind reconstruction from surface stations. KiloDA learns the statistical distribution and spatial structure of wind fields from historical 3-km Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model forecasts. At each reconstruction time, no contemporaneous WRF field is used. Instead, station observations provide the only constraints on the current atmospheric state and guide posterior sampling from the learned prior. In idealized WRF experiments, KiloDA recovers localized wind structures when only 0.24% of grid cells are observed and shows an overall advantage over conventional interpolation across terrain conditions and wind speed regimes. This capability largely transfers to real observations. In a fully withheld region, KiloDA reduces the median wind speed root mean square error (RMSE) by 19% relative to ERA5 reanalysis, using only observations outside the region, with the largest improvements over high-elevation and high-relief terrain. A random station holdout further confirms that this advantage extends across different complex-terrain locations and holdout configurations. These results show that historical model archives can provide useful structural knowledge for reconstructing kilometer-scale wind fields from sparse observations without requiring an accurate model estimate of the current atmospheric state.

physics.ao-ph↗