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arXiv · 2608.25003

Potsdam Wolf-Rayet stellar atmosphere grids of OB-type stars: I. Spectroscopic temperature diagnostics across metallicity

D. Pauli·H. Todt·W. -R. Hamann·L. M. Oskinova·A. A. C. Sander·T. Shenar·V. Ramachandran·S. Reyero Serantes
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Abstract

Massive hot stars are among the major ionizing sources in the Universe. The ionizing flux of a star strongly depends on its temperature, which is best measured spectroscopically using lines of different ionization stages of the same element. For the quantitative spectral analysis of O-type stars, helium lines are commonly employed, and for B-type stars, lines of silicon and magnesium are used. At low metallicity, many of the diagnostic metal lines disappear. We conduct a systematic theoretical analysis of stellar atmosphere models of OB stars to study the effect of metallicity on key temperature diagnostic lines and how this impacts spectral classification. We computed large grids of state-of-the-art non-LTE stellar atmosphere models at four different metallicities, ranging from solar to 1/31 solar. We presented equivalent widths of selected diagnostic lines in the temperature-gravity plane and investigated their dependence on metallicity. Using Galactic stellar templates of O- and B-type stars, we established equivalent width ratios for spectral classification and applied them to our models. For the hottest stars in our model grids, He I lines become detectable at lower metallicity due to the reduced back-warming in the atmosphere, opening new possibilities for their classification. Metal lines used for the analysis of B-type stars are mostly absent in the spectra of stars with metallicity below that of the Small Magellanic Cloud, except Si lines, challenging current classification schemes. Our stellar atmosphere grids reveal that the decrease in metallicity causes many metal lines to disappear, leaving different sensitivities of He I lines the only temperature indicators for B-type stars in the optical. The ionizing flux of OB-type stars can be partially trapped within the stellar wind. As a result, at lower metallicity, a larger fraction of stars can emit hard ionizing radiation.

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D. Pauli, H. Todt, W. -R. Hamann, L. M. Oskinova, A. A. C. Sander, T. Shenar, V. Ramachandran, S. Reyero Serantes. 2026-08-25. Potsdam Wolf-Rayet stellar atmosphere grids of OB-type stars: I. Spectroscopic temperature diagnostics across metallicity. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25003

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