Baryon-Accelerated Core Collapse in SIDM Halos and its Imprint on Galactic Disks

Abstract

The gravitational coupling between dark matter (DM) halos and the baryonic structures they host is one of the most powerful windows into the particle nature of DM. Self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) presents a minimal, well-motivated extension to the dark sector with dramatic consequences for the structure of galaxies and their halos. However, the impact of baryons on SIDM halo evolution and the resulting galactic structure has been underexplored in Milky Way (MW)-size galaxies. In this paper, we demonstrate that the inclusion of a baryonic component in a MW-size galaxy causes accelerated core collapse to begin within the MW's lifetime for a cross section as low as $\sigma/m = 1 \, \rm{cm}^2/\rm{g}$. We present a suite of $N$-body simulations of cold dark matter and SIDM MW-size galaxies with and without a baryonic component for cross sections $\sigma/m =[1.0, 2.5, 5.0]$ cm$^2$/g. We find numerically, and semi-analytically, that the presence of a stellar disk and bulge shortens the predicted core collapse timescales from the DM only simulations by a factor of $\sim 40$. Further, as the core collapse begins within the lifetime of the galaxy, the subsequent density increase strengthens the mid-plane restoring force exerted on stellar disk orbits, leading the disk to flare. This work quantifies both directions of the baryon--SIDM coupling: baryons accelerate core collapse in MW-sized halos, and the resulting halo evolution reshapes the disk through thinning and flaring. Both processes open new observational windows into DM.