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arXiv · 2609.06330

Beyond QA Matching: Perturbation-Response Fingerprinting via Probability Distributions for Large Language Models

Jichao Zeng·Yanli Chen·Hanzhou Wu
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Abstract

Large language models are often instruction-tuned, specialized, quantized, or otherwise transformed, making fine-grained provenance difficult. In this paper, we introduce BReF, a training-free fingerprint that compares how probability distributions over four answer-option labels A/B/C/D move under controlled textual perturbations. For each pair of models, BReF selects 25 jointly responsive probes and compares their perturbation log-ratio (PLR) response directions by global cosine similarity. On a unified benchmark with 34 checkpoints, 22 documented direct-parent relations, and 411 suspect-candidate pairs, BReF retrieves the documented parent in 22/22 cases (MRR=1.0000), with DP-DF AUC 1.0000. Same-family discrimination is harder (DP-SF AUC 0.8969), and paired tests show a significant exact-retrieval gain over a magnitude-only Top-25 control. Together with static, random-probe, permutation, calibration, and transformation-level controls, the results show that strong pooled separation does not guarantee correct parent ranking among closely related checkpoints, verifying the superiority of our work.

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Jichao Zeng, Yanli Chen, Hanzhou Wu. 2026-09-06. Beyond QA Matching: Perturbation-Response Fingerprinting via Probability Distributions for Large Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06330

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