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arXiv · 2609.06795

Generalized Zeckendorf expansions of the 2nd order

Sungkon Chang
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Abstract

We generalize Zeckendorf's theorem to second-order linear recurrences of the form $G_{k+2} = gG_{k+1} + hG_{k}$ with arbitrary, coprime initial values $(G_1, G_2)$. We analyze the asymptotic behavior of the count $\#R_G(X)$ of positive integers less than or equal to $X$ that have an expansion under the standard rule of expansions $\mathcal{E}$ associated with the recurrence. Additionally, we provide sufficient conditions under which $G$ has the unique expansion property under the rule of expansions. Finally, we completely characterize the $g$-golden ratio recurrence family when $G_1 = 1$ or $G_2 = 1$. Our approach directly investigates the algebraic structure of the expansions, simplifying and completing previous partial results.

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Sungkon Chang. 2026-09-06. Generalized Zeckendorf expansions of the 2nd order. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06795

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