Bridge numbers of virtual graphs and handlebody-links

Nikolaos Chantis; Puttipong Pongtanapaisan

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arXiv · 2609.06860

Bridge numbers of virtual graphs and handlebody-links

Nikolaos Chantis·Puttipong Pongtanapaisan

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Abstract

We study bridge indices of graphs, virtual graphs, and their handlebody classes. We construct virtual ravels for which the difference between bridge index and weighted overpass bridge index is unbounded. The lower bound uses exponentially many colorings for one fixed flow in a $\Z_2$-family of biquandles. For each negative Euler characteristic we construct classical almost unknotted graphs of one fixed trivalent graph with arbitrarily large bridge index. We also obtain unbounded even bridge indices for ravels of each fixed bouquet rank. A separate almost unknotted family has an unbounded difference between its spatial-graph bridge index and the bridge index of its regular neighborhood. Finally, edge connected sums of Suzuki curves give exact constrained and unconstrained bridge indices whose difference is unbounded.

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BibTeX RIS

Nikolaos Chantis, Puttipong Pongtanapaisan. 2026-09-06. Bridge numbers of virtual graphs and handlebody-links. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06860

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