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arXiv · 2609.07097

Optimising Metamath Proofs for Human Working Memory

Jeremy Lindsay·Cezary Kaliszyk·Christine Rizkallah
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Abstract

Mathematical proofs vary in legibility. While most proof optimisation techniques seek to minimise proof size, the strategic reordering of inferences can reduce the working memory demand of proof checking without altering overall size. Metamath serves as a prime case study for this approach: its verification architecture requires proof steps to be ordered in a manner that prioritises algorithmic efficiency over readability. In this paper, we introduce algorithms to minimise both peak and cumulative memory consumption, applying the latter as a novel proxy for sustained human cognitive effort. We achieve this by representing proofs as directed acyclic graphs and modelling their execution as a pebbling game. Finding an optimal ordering via brute force is computationally infeasible, so we use heuristics to provide approximations. We apply these algorithms across Metamath's ZFC set theory library and present case studies demonstrating how automated reordering systematically improves the presentation of formal mathematics.

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Jeremy Lindsay, Cezary Kaliszyk, Christine Rizkallah. 2026-09-07. Optimising Metamath Proofs for Human Working Memory. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.07097

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