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arXiv · 2609.07931

SN 2024afyu interpreted as a Pair Instability Supernova

P. J. Pessi·S. Barmentloo·Ł. Wyrzykowski·S. Schulze·J. Sollerman·A. Gangopadhyay·P. J. Mikołajczyk·S. Rose·K. Kotysz·C. Fremling·A. Jerkstrand·R. Lunnan·L. Yan·C. Fransson·J. L. Wise·M. Dubey·K. Misra·A. P. Cotter·D. Athanasopoulos·A. Bochenek·M. Bronikowski·U. Burgaz·W. Burzynski·J. M. Carrasco·E. Concepcion·C. Galdies·A. F. Gillan·A. Gkini·E. Gkiokas·E. Głowacki·F-J. Hambsch·J. Japelj·N. Karaman·P. King·S. Kurowski·C. Liu·M. Maskoliunas·Z. McGrath·M. Mihelčič·M. Nikolajuk·W. Ogloza·E. Pakštienė·U. Pylypenko·A. Pucek·N. Rehemtulla·R. M. Rich·A. O. Simon·A. Singh·C. Skoglund·E. Stonkute·Y. Stsefanenka·P. Szober·K. Tsalapatas·B. F. A. van Baal·C. Ventura·K. Vrontaki·A. Wozniak·J. Zdanavicius·S. Zola·E. C. Bellm·J. Castaneda Jaimes·M. J. Graham·G. Helou·F. J. Masci·J. N. Purdum·R. Riddle
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Abstract

Pair-instability supernovae (PISNe) are the predicted explosions of very massive stars triggered by electron-positron pair production. Numerous transients have been proposed as PISN candidates, yet none has provided unambiguous confirmation of this explosion mechanism. The predicted strengths of nebular emission lines offer a powerful means of testing the PISN scenario. We investigate the nature of SN 2024afyu, a nearby (z = 0.0085), long-lived (trise = 85 +- 11.7 days) SN with peculiar spectral evolution, with the aim of identifying its powering mechanism. We analyse multi-band photometry and optical and near-infrared spectroscopy from shortly after explosion to the nebular phase (around 500 days past peak). Besides early appearance of [Ca II] features, we identify a number of sulfur and silicon emission lines, for which we estimate electron temperatures and elemental masses. SN 2024afyu has an inferred 56Ni mass of around 0.4 to 1.0 solar masses and an inferred sulfur mass of the order of 3 solar masses, substantially larger than expected for conventional core-collapse explosions. SN 2024afyu is photometrically similar (although fainter, M_Peak(r) = -18.9 +- 0.04 mag) but spectroscopically distinct to other proposed PISNe. Yet, existing PISN models broadly reproduce several key characteristics, including the overall spectral appearance and broad photometric evolution. SN 2024afyu is a strong PISN candidate, since alternative scenarios would struggle to explain the combination of broad light curve, large intermediate-mass-element abundance, and general spectroscopic evolution. The discrepancies between the observations and currently available theoretical models highlight the need for new PISN calculations spanning a wider range of progenitor masses, metallicities, mixing prescriptions, and circumstellar environments.

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P. J. Pessi, S. Barmentloo, Ł. Wyrzykowski, S. Schulze, J. Sollerman, A. Gangopadhyay, P. J. Mikołajczyk, S. Rose, K. Kotysz, C. Fremling, A. Jerkstrand, R. Lunnan, L. Yan, C. Fransson, J. L. Wise, M. Dubey, K. Misra, A. P. Cotter, D. Athanasopoulos, A. Bochenek, M. Bronikowski, U. Burgaz, W. Burzynski, J. M. Carrasco, E. Concepcion, C. Galdies, A. F. Gillan, A. Gkini, E. Gkiokas, E. Głowacki, F-J. Hambsch, J. Japelj, N. Karaman, P. King, S. Kurowski, C. Liu, M. Maskoliunas, Z. McGrath, M. Mihelčič, M. Nikolajuk, W. Ogloza, E. Pakštienė, U. Pylypenko, A. Pucek, N. Rehemtulla, R. M. Rich, A. O. Simon, A. Singh, C. Skoglund, E. Stonkute, Y. Stsefanenka, P. Szober, K. Tsalapatas, B. F. A. van Baal, C. Ventura, K. Vrontaki, A. Wozniak, J. Zdanavicius, S. Zola, E. C. Bellm, J. Castaneda Jaimes, M. J. Graham, G. Helou, F. J. Masci, J. N. Purdum, R. Riddle. 2026-09-07. SN 2024afyu interpreted as a Pair Instability Supernova. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.07931

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