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arXiv · 2609.09381

Extracting Semantics from Cattle Reporting Categories for Data Interoperability and Findability

Kassy Raymond·Andrew Hamilton-Wright·Deborah Stacey
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Abstract

Livestock population data disaggregated by age, sex, and production are important inputs to calculations and models that inform our understanding of global health, yet these data are fragmented across disparate sources. Bridging data siloes to improve the findability of data requires interoperability. Conventional approaches to improving the findability and interoperability of data include indexing standardized metadata. However, creating metadata is time and resource-intensive and is often difficult in domains such as livestock, which lack standards that address the needs of broad user groups. When metadata exist, they typically need to be standardized against a pre-existing vocabulary, ontology, or thesaurus, requiring a technique known as `crosswalking'. To overcome issues in the absence of metadata, the lack of standards, and the resource-intensive solutions that currently exist, this study uses a bottom-up approach. By leveraging real-world reporting categories in datasets, the composition and semantics of terms already present in the data were extracted and analyzed. Using cattle data as a pilot, we find the age, sex, and production modifiers present across cattle terms from five datasets from four data sources capture granularity not present in AGROVOC, the largest agricultural vocabulary in the world. We discuss how the composition and semantics of these terms can be used to improve the interoperability and findability of data without first requiring metadata to be generated or standards to be created. Rather than forcing datasets to conform to an existing vocabulary, this approach uses the semantics embedded in terms already present in datasets, allowing systems to make data more discoverable and interoperable while maintaining culturally and dataset-specific terminology.

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Kassy Raymond, Andrew Hamilton-Wright, Deborah Stacey. 2026-09-08. Extracting Semantics from Cattle Reporting Categories for Data Interoperability and Findability. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.09381

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