Supernova Time Dilation in Hybrid Expansion-Tired-Light Cosmologies

Rajendra P. Gupta; Nikolaos Samaras; Utkarsh Kumar

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arXiv · 2609.10582

Supernova Time Dilation in Hybrid Expansion-Tired-Light Cosmologies

Rajendra P. Gupta·Nikolaos Samaras·Utkarsh Kumar

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Abstract

Dark Energy Survey has shown that the emission light curve widths $\Delta t_{\rm em}$ of supernovae increase to $\Delta t_{\rm obs}$, obeying $\Delta t_{\rm obs}/\Delta t_{\rm em}=(1+z)^b$ with $b=1.003\pm0.011$, excluding a nondilating redshift. We test hybrid models with $1+z=(1+z_p)(1+z_t)$ and the phenomenological stretch $(1+z_p)R(z)$, where $z_p$ is the redshift associated with the expanding parent universe cosmology, $z_t$ is a tired-light (TL) contribution, and $R$ is the hybrid-to-parent lookback-time ratio. At $z=1$, $R$ and $1+z_t$ differ by $1.3\%$ for CCC+TL and $0.5\%$ for $\Lambda$CDM+TL, and their 95\% bands overlap the observed relation. This compatibility shows that the observations do not exclude the hybrid models, only fully nonexpanding ones.

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Rajendra P. Gupta, Nikolaos Samaras, Utkarsh Kumar. 2026-09-06. Supernova Time Dilation in Hybrid Expansion-Tired-Light Cosmologies. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.10582

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