Universal Structure of Horizon Formation in Generic Binary Black Hole Mergers

Abstract

We derive the local structure of the first common apparent horizon in a generic binary-black-hole merger. This event occurs in the fully nonlinear regime, outside the standard regimes of post-Newtonian inspiral theory and perturbations of a stationary black hole, yet it admits a universal description. Without assuming symmetry, we show that the stability operator of the marginally outer trapped surface must lose invertibility at formation. Outermost stability then implies that the vanishing eigenvalue is the principal one, with a strictly positive eigenfunction. Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction yields square-root branch separation with a shared linear drift. Together these terms give a tilted parabola through linear order in time. The common horizon lies on a smooth marginally outer trapped tube tangent to the formation slice, and nearby later slices intersect it in outer and inner branches whose separation scales as $(t-t_*)^{1/2}$. Horizon quantities with a nonzero first response along the zero mode inherit the square-root separation and a shared linear term. We test these predictions in three binary black hole simulations, including an eccentric, precessing, unequal-mass system. In all three, the worldtube geometry and quasilocal scalars follow the predicted scaling. With the next-order term included, free-exponent fits to the surface geometry and quasilocal functionals recover $1/2$ to within half a percent, and diagnostics agree on the formation time within $5\times10^{-5}M$. The correlation between horizon shear and gravitational-wave news suggests that common horizon formation could have a signature in a short segment of the merger waveform.