Learning Interaction Kernels from Collective Steady States

Baoli Hao; Mauro Maggioni; Ming Zhong

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arXiv · 2609.12004

Learning Interaction Kernels from Collective Steady States

Baoli Hao·Mauro Maggioni·Ming Zhong

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Abstract

We propose a learning procedure for system identification in interacting particle systems from single-snapshot observations of collective behaviors, unlike existing approaches that rely on observations of trajectories. This setting leads to a fundamentally ill-posed inverse problem, which we solve by using a regularization strategy based on the empirical distribution of observed configurations, drawn from different, unobserved initial conditions. We test our learning procedure on a variety of representative models with steady-state and quasi-stationary patterns, where collective behaviors encode implicit information about the interaction mechanisms, demonstrating that our approach enables stable and accurate recovery of the underlying interaction laws, leading to faithful reproduction of the collective behavior, and in many cases even of the dynamics leading up to it.

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Baoli Hao, Mauro Maggioni, Ming Zhong. 2026-09-16. Learning Interaction Kernels from Collective Steady States. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.12004

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