Liquid-Phase Near-Field Infrared Nanoscopy of Ion-Exchange Reactions

Abstract

In situ monitoring of reactions with chemical specificity and nanometer-scale spatial resolution under aqueous conditions remains a long-standing experimental challenge. Here, we use thin SiC membrane-enabled liquid-phase infrared nanoimaging and nanospectroscopy to monitor Ca$^{2+}$/Na$^{+}$ ion exchange in a mixture of disodium terephthalate and CaCl$_2$ solution. Beneath the membrane, we follow the formation of calcium terephthalate (CaTP), a metal-organic framework (MOF)-type coordination phase in which terephthalate ligands link Ca$^{2+}$ centers. The symmetric and asymmetric carboxylate stretching modes serve as chemically specific near-field reporters of Ca$^{2+}$ coordination to the terephthalate linkers. Nano-FTIR spectra reveal pronounced peak shifts and linewidth changes in these vibrational modes, indicating modification of the carboxylate coordination environment during CaTP formation. Complementary near-field nanoimaging resolves the emergence of nanoscale precipitates beneath the SiC membrane following CaCl$_2$ injection, providing spatially resolved evidence of the formation of the CaTP coordination framework. Solid-phase nanoimaging and nanospectroscopy identify well-defined CaTP particles, providing further evidence for crystalline CaTP formation. We demonstrate that the chemistry of metal-ligand interactions can be monitored in situ via liquid-phase near-field nanoscopy. This capability could enable the study of catalytic, electrochemical, and biological processes under native aqueous conditions.