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arXiv · 2609.13955

Investigating Variability in Long-lived Protoplanetary Disks (>10 Myr) using NEOWISE

Gregory Mathews Ben·Jessy Jose·Jesús Hernández
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Abstract

We present the mid-infrared variability study of 120 long-lived disk candidates (ages 10-100 Myr) and 13 confirmed "Peter Pan" disks using NEOWISE to constrain the longevity of dynamic disk processes beyond the standard 10 Myr dispersal threshold. We identified 32 sources exhibiting significant variability by combining stochastic flux metrics and the Stetson $J$ index. The majority of these variables belong to the 10-25 Myr age range, suggesting a sharp decline in disk brightness variability after 25 Myr. Morphologically, the variability is characterized by irregular fluctuations with mean amplitudes of $ΔW2 \approx 0.5$ mag, consistent with variable extinction or inner disk warping induced by embedded planetesimals. We also report a strong correspondence between mid-infrared and optical variability for the Peter Pan disks, with all 9 mid-IR variables confirmed as optical variables in the literature. Our findings reveal a population of 23 new long-lived disk candidates that retain active, gas-rich environments, supporting the existence of a rarefied class of systems that survive well into the debris disk era.

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Gregory Mathews Ben, Jessy Jose, Jesús Hernández. 2026-09-12. Investigating Variability in Long-lived Protoplanetary Disks (>10 Myr) using NEOWISE. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13955

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